1Oddelek za fiziko, Papeška katoliška univerza Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22451-900, Brazilija
2Istituto del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, OVI, Italija
3Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica, Institut de Ciències del Cosmos, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, E-08028 Barcelona, Španija
4Nacionalni laboratorij Lawrence Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, ZDA
5Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi”, Università del Salento, and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) sezione di Lecce, via per Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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Minimalizem
Učinkovit opis gravitacije s kvantno teorijo polja kljub nerenormalizabilnosti omogoča napovedi onkraj klasične splošne teorije relativnosti. Ko vstopamo v dobo astronomije gravitacijskih valov, je pomembno in pravočasno vprašanje, ali je mogoče najti merljive kvantne napovedi, ki odstopajo od klasične gravitacije, analogne učinkom kvantne optike, ki jih klasična elektrodinamika ne more razložiti. V tem delu preiskujemo kvantne podpise v gravitacijskih valovih z uporabo orodij iz kvantne optike. Stisnjeno-koherentni gravitacijski valovi, ki lahko kažejo subpoissonovsko statistiko gravitona, lahko povečajo ali zatrejo signal, izmerjen z interferometrom, kar je značilen učinek kvantnega stiskanja. Poleg tega pokažemo, da je mogoče kvantna stanja Gaussovega gravitacijskega vala rekonstruirati iz meritev v skupini optičnih polj, ki medsebojno delujejo z eno samo kopijo gravitacijskega vala, s čimer odpiramo možnost zaznavanja kvantnih značilnosti gravitacije onkraj klasične splošne teorije relativnosti.
Predstavljena slika: Kvantna detekcija za kvantna stanja gravitacijskih valov.
Priljubljen povzetek
Če razmišljamo po analogiji, pa odkrivanje fotonov ni edini način za dokazovanje kvantnomehanske narave elektromagnetizma. Kvantna optika nas je naučila, da so fluktuacije kvantnega polja merljive v makroskopskih stanjih svetlobe – npr. stisnjenih in stisnjeno-koherentnih stanjih – z linearno klasično detekcijo, kot so homodinske in heterodinske meritve. Ta ideja nas je pripeljala do iskanja makroskopskih kvantnih učinkov gravitacijskih valov, merljivih ne glede na našo sposobnost zaznavanja gravitonov. Če povzamemo, postavljamo vprašanje: katere napovedi učinkovitega kvantnega opisa gravitacije, ki odstopajo od klasične splošne teorije relativnosti, bi lahko zaznali v detektorjih gravitacijskih valov?
V tem delu poročamo o nekaterih naših najnovejših rezultatih v poskusu odgovora na to vprašanje. Pokažemo, da znotraj opisa gravitacije v nizkoenergijsko učinkoviti teoriji polja obstajajo kvantna stanja gravitacijskih valov – predvsem stisnjeno-koherentna stanja – ki bi lahko povzročila neklasične učinke, merljive z uporabo današnjih ali bližnjih interferometričnih detektorjev, kot sta LIGO in DEVICA. Generiranje takšnih kvantnih stanj gravitacijskih valov ostaja neznanka in še veliko je treba raziskati, vendar naše delo utira pot fenomenološkemu iskanju takšnih učinkov, ki bi glede na nelinearno naravo Einsteinove gravitacije lahko nastali v močnem astrofizikalnem polju dogodkov. Če jih zaznamo, učinki, ki jih opisujemo, dajejo dim za kvantno mehansko naravo gravitacije in tako odpirajo pot do eksperimentalnih meritev kvantnega prostorčasa.
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