Quantum Multi-Solution Bernoulli Search With Applications To Bitcoin’s Post-Quantum Security

Újra kiadta Platón

Követő: 0

Alexandru Cojocaru¹, Juan Garay², Aggelos Kiayias³, Fang Song⁴és Petros Wallden⁵

¹Maryland Egyetem
²Texas A&M Egyetem
³Edinburghi Egyetem és IOHK
⁴Portland Állami Egyetem
⁵Edinburgh-i Egyetem

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Absztrakt

A proof of work (PoW) is an important cryptographic construct enabling a party to convince others that they invested some effort in solving a computational task. Arguably, its main impact has been in the setting of cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and its underlying blockchain protocol, which received significant attention in recent years due to its potential for various applications as well as for solving fundamental distributed computing questions in novel threat models. PoWs enable the linking of blocks in the blockchain data structure and thus the problem of interest is the feasibility of obtaining a sequence (chain) of such proofs. In this work, we examine the hardness of finding such chain of PoWs against quantum strategies. We prove that the chain of PoWs problem reduces to a problem we call multi-solution Bernoulli search, for which we establish its quantum query complexity. Effectively, this is an extension of a threshold direct product theorem to an average-case unstructured search problem. Our proof, adding to active recent efforts, simplifies and generalizes the recording technique of Zhandry (Crypto’19). As an application, we revisit the formal treatment of security of the core of the Bitcoin consensus protocol, the Bitcoin backbone (Eurocrypt’15), against quantum adversaries, while honest parties are classical and show that protocol’s security holds under a quantum analogue of the classical “honest majority” assumption. Our analysis indicates that the security of Bitcoin backbone is guaranteed provided the number of adversarial quantum queries is bounded so that each quantum query is worth $O(p^{-1/2})$ classical ones, where $p$ is the success probability of a single classical query to the protocol’s underlying hash function. Somewhat surprisingly, the wait time for safe settlement in the case of quantum adversaries matches the safe settlement time in the classical case.

Quantum Multi-Solution Bernoulli Search with Applications to Bitcoin’s Post-Quantum Security PlatoBlockchain Data Intelligence. Vertical Search. Ai.

Népszerű összefoglaló

A kvantumszámítógépek számítási gyorsításokat kínálnak, ahol a pontos gyorsítás a vizsgált feladattól függ. A problémák nehéz/könnyű kategóriába sorolása, valamint a számítási feladat megoldásának pontos költsége megváltozik, amikor a kvantumszámítási eszközök mérete és minősége növekedni fog. Köztudott, hogy ez hatással van a kriptográfiára azáltal, hogy a legszélesebb körben használt titkosítási és aláírási sémákat nem biztonságossá teszi. Amit kevésbé vizsgáltak, az a kvantumalgoritmusok hatása más kriptográfiai feladatokban. Sok fő blokklánc és kriptovaluta, például a bitcoin, a „Munkabizonyítás” (PoW) koncepciójára támaszkodik, ahol a résztvevők/bányászok bizonyítják, hogy némi számítási időt töltenek egy probléma megoldásával, és ezért jutalmat kapnak. Az alapvető matematikai probléma, amelyen a blokklánc biztonsága és tartóssága támaszkodik, az ilyen PoW-k láncainak előállításának képessége.
Cikkünkben azt vizsgáljuk, hogy ezt a matematikai problémát, a PoW-k láncolatát hogyan tudja megoldani egy kvantumellenfél, és hogyan szabhat határt képességeiknek. Ezen eredmény alapján újra megvizsgáljuk a Bitcoin gerincprotokolljának biztonságát (a Bitcoin protokoll kulcsfontosságú elemeit rögzítő matematikai absztrakció) olyan környezetben, ahol minden becsületes fél klasszikus, és egyetlen kvantumellenfél van (az összes kvantumot irányítva). a rosszindulatú felek számítási erőforrásai). Elemzésünk azt mutatja, hogy a biztonság akkor tartható fenn, ha a becsületes felek teljes klasszikus számítási ereje a lekérdezések/műveletek tekintetében nagyon nagy (de állandó) számmal nagyobb, mint a kontradiktórius kvantumszámítási teljesítmény. Ez az első lépés a bitcoin teljes körű elemzéséhez a kvantumkorszakban, amikor minden fél rendelkezne kvantumszámítási képességekkel.

► BibTeX adatok

@article{Cojocaru2023quantummulti, doi = {10.22331/q-2023-03-09-944}, url = {https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2023-03-09-944}, title = {Quantum {M}ulti-{S}olution {B}ernoulli {S}earch with {A}pplications to {B}itcoin’s {P}ost-{Q}uantum {S}ecurity}, author = {Cojocaru, Alexandru and Garay, Juan and Kiayias, Aggelos and Song, Fang and Wallden, Petros}, journal = {{Quantum}}, issn = {2521-327X}, publisher = {{Verein zur F{“{o}}rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften}}, volume = {7}, pages = {944}, month = mar, year = {2023}<br /> }

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Idézi

[1] Marcos Allende, Diego López León, Sergio Cerón, Antonio Leal, Adrián Pareja, Marcelo Da Silva, Alejandro Pardo, Duncan Jones, David Worrall, Ben Merriman, Jonathan Gilmore, Nick Kitchener és Salvador E. Venegas-Andraca, Kvantum-ellenállás blokklánc-hálózatokban”, arXiv: 2106.06640, (2021).

[2] Robert R. Nerem and Daya R. Gaur, “Conditions for Advantageous Quantum Bitcoin Mining”, arXiv: 2110.00878, (2021).

A fenti idézetek innen származnak SAO/NASA HIRDETÉSEK (utolsó sikeres frissítés: 2023-03-09 15:10:32). Előfordulhat, hogy a lista hiányos, mivel nem minden kiadó ad megfelelő és teljes hivatkozási adatokat.

Nem sikerült lekérni Az adatok által hivatkozott kereszthivatkozás utolsó próbálkozáskor 2023-03-09 15:10:29: Nem sikerült lekérni a 10.22331/q-2023-03-09-944 hivatkozás által hivatkozott adatokat a Crossref-től. Ez normális, ha a DOI-t nemrég regisztrálták.

Ez a tanulmány a Quantumban jelent meg Creative Commons Nevezd meg 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) engedély. A szerzői jog az eredeti szerzői jog tulajdonosainál marad, például a szerzőknél vagy intézményeiknél.

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Forrás: https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2023-03-09-944/

Időbélyeg: Március 9, 2023

Időbélyeg: 22. szeptember 2022.

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