Ergodicity Breaking Under Confinement In Cold-Atom Quantum Simulators

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Jean-Yves Desaules¹, Guo-Xian Su^2,3,4, Ian P. McCulloch⁵, Bing Yang⁶, Zlatko Papić¹, and Jad C. Halimeh^7,8

¹School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
²Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
³Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 226, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
⁴CAS Center for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
⁵School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
⁶Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
⁷Department of Physics and Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics (ASC), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstraße 37, D-80333 München, Germany
⁸Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstraße 4, D-80799 München, Germany

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Abstract

The quantum simulation of gauge theories on synthetic quantum matter devices has gained a lot of traction in the last decade, making possible the observation of a range of exotic quantum many-body phenomena. In this work, we consider the spin-$1/2$ quantum link formulation of $1+1$D quantum electrodynamics with a topological $theta$-angle, which can be used to tune a confinement-deconfinement transition. Exactly mapping this system onto a PXP model with mass and staggered magnetization terms, we show an intriguing interplay between confinement and the ergodicity-breaking paradigms of quantum many-body scarring and Hilbert-space fragmentation. We map out the rich dynamical phase diagram of this model, finding an ergodic phase at small values of the mass $mu$ and confining potential $chi$, an emergent integrable phase for large $mu$, and a fragmented phase for large values of both parameters. We also show that the latter hosts resonances that lead to a vast array of effective models. We propose experimental probes of our findings, which can be directly accessed in current cold-atom setups.

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Featured image: Schematic representation of the rich dynamical phase diagram of the spin-1/2 quantum link model.

Popular summary

Gauge theories provide a fundamental description of elementary particles. The understanding of non-equilibrium properties of gauge theories promises to shed light on a variety of dynamical phenomena across high-energy particle physics, condensed matter and even the evolution of the early universe. In parallel with the traditional methods used to study gauge theories, such as high-energy particle colliders, analog simulation using synthetic quantum matter has recently emerged as a powerful alternative for probing the dynamics of such theories on a lattice.

In our work, we numerically study a spin-1/2 regularization of the Schwinger model which describes 1+1D quantum electrodynamics. We show that varying the model parameters – the fermionic mass and the topological angle – allows one to access a wide range of dynamical phenomena. In particular, we find regimes where quantum dynamics results in persistent oscillations from special initial states, which are identified with quantum many-body scarring. Surprisingly, we find that the scarred oscillations can be enhanced in the presence of confinement. In other parts of parameter space, the Hilbert space fractures into exponentially many components, with an additional structure appearing in the form of two-parameter resonances. Finally, through large-scale numerical simulations, we show that our findings can be realized in the existing experiments on ultracold bosons in optical lattices

► BibTeX data

@article{Desaules2024ergodicitybreaking, doi = {10.22331/q-2024-02-29-1274}, url = {https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2024-02-29-1274}, title = {Ergodicity {B}reaking {U}nder {C}onfinement in {C}old-{A}tom {Q}uantum {S}imulators}, author = {Desaules, Jean-Yves and Su, Guo-Xian and McCulloch, Ian P. and Yang, Bing and Papi{‘{c}}, Zlatko and Halimeh, Jad C.}, journal = {{Quantum}}, issn = {2521-327X}, publisher = {{Verein zur F{“{o}}rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften}}, volume = {8}, pages = {1274}, month = feb, year = {2024} }

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Cited by

[1] Roland C. Farrell, Marc Illa, Anthony N. Ciavarella, and Martin J. Savage, “Quantum Simulations of Hadron Dynamics in the Schwinger Model using 112 Qubits”, arXiv:2401.08044, (2024).

[2] Pranay Patil, Ayushi Singhania, and Jad C. Halimeh, “Protecting Hilbert space fragmentation through quantum Zeno dynamics”, Physical Review B 108 19, 195109 (2023).

The above citations are from SAO/NASA ADS (last updated successfully 2024-02-29 16:07:55). The list may be incomplete as not all publishers provide suitable and complete citation data.

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Source: https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2024-02-29-1274/

Time Stamp: February 29, 2024

Time Stamp: Oct 12, 2023

Ergodicity Breaking Under Confinement in Cold-Atom Quantum Simulators

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