Relaxing Hardware Requirements For Surface Code Circuits Using Time-dynamics

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Matt McEwen¹, Dave Bacon², and Craig Gidney¹

¹Google Quantum AI, Santa Barbara, California 93117, USA
²Google Quantum AI, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA

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Abstract

The typical time-independent view of quantum error correction (QEC) codes hides significant freedom in the decomposition into circuits that are executable on hardware. Using the concept of detecting regions, we design time-dynamic QEC circuits directly instead of designing static QEC codes to decompose into circuits. In particular, we improve on the standard circuit constructions for the surface code, presenting new circuits that can embed on a hexagonal grid instead of a square grid, that can use ISWAP gates instead of CNOT or CZ gates, that can exchange qubit data and measure roles, and that move logical patches around the physical qubit grid while executing. All these constructions use no additional entangling gate layers and display essentially the same logical performance, having teraquop footprints within 25% of the standard surface code circuit. We expect these circuits to be of great interest to quantum hardware engineers, because they achieve essentially the same logical performance as standard surface code circuits while relaxing demands on hardware.

Popular summary

QEC is vital for future fault-tolerant quantum computing, and the surface code is one of the most common QEC codes targeted for experimental realization, and has acheivable but difficult circuit requirements: a square grid of qubits capable of performing CNOT/CZ gates at high fidelity. Using the new concept of detecting regions, we design new circuits for implementing the surface code, improving over previous constructions in several ways. In particular, we give circuits that embed on a hexagonal grid instead of a square grid, that can use ISWAP gates instead of CNOT or CZ gates, and that move logical patches around the physical qubit grid while executing. All these constructions use no additional entangling gate layers and display essentially the same logical performance. These new freedoms relax the requirements on hardware, helping enable future implimentations of the surface code.

► BibTeX data

@article{McEwen2023relaxinghardware, doi = {10.22331/q-2023-11-07-1172}, url = {https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2023-11-07-1172}, title = {Relaxing {H}ardware {R}equirements for {S}urface {C}ode {C}ircuits using {T}ime-dynamics}, author = {McEwen, Matt and Bacon, Dave and Gidney, Craig}, journal = {{Quantum}}, issn = {2521-327X}, publisher = {{Verein zur F{“{o}}rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften}}, volume = {7}, pages = {1172}, month = nov, year = {2023}<br /> }

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[1] J. F. Marques, H. Ali, B. M. Varbanov, M. Finkel, H. M. Veen, S. L. M. van der Meer, S. Valles-Sanclemente, N. Muthusubramanian, M. Beekman, N. Haider, B. M. Terhal, and L. DiCarlo, “All-Microwave Leakage Reduction Units for Quantum Error Correction with Superconducting Transmon Qubits”, Physical Review Letters 130 25, 250602 (2023).

[2] Hector Bombin, Chris Dawson, Terry Farrelly, Yehua Liu, Naomi Nickerson, Mihir Pant, Fernando Pastawski, and Sam Roberts, “Fault-tolerant complexes”, arXiv:2308.07844, (2023).

[3] Jiaxuan Zhang, Yu-Chun Wu, and Guo-Ping Guo, “Facilitating Practical Fault-tolerant Quantum Computing Based on Color Codes”, arXiv:2309.05222, (2023).

[4] Oscar Higgott and Craig Gidney, “Sparse Blossom: correcting a million errors per core second with minimum-weight matching”, arXiv:2303.15933, (2023).

[5] Alex Townsend-Teague, Julio Magdalena de la Fuente, and Markus Kesselring, “Floquetifying the Colour Code”, arXiv:2307.11136, (2023).

[6] Adam Siegel, Armands Strikis, Thomas Flatters, and Simon Benjamin, “Adaptive surface code for quantum error correction in the presence of temporary or permanent defects”, Quantum 7, 1065 (2023).

[7] Hector Bombin, Daniel Litinski, Naomi Nickerson, Fernando Pastawski, and Sam Roberts, “Unifying flavors of fault tolerance with the ZX calculus”, arXiv:2303.08829, (2023).

[8] V. Srinivasa, J. M. Taylor, and J. R. Petta, “Cavity-mediated entanglement of parametrically driven spin qubits via sidebands”, arXiv:2307.06067, (2023).

[9] Suhas Vittal, Poulami Das, and Moinuddin Qureshi, “ERASER: Towards Adaptive Leakage Suppression for Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computing”, arXiv:2309.13143, (2023).

[10] Nicolas Delfosse and Adam Paetznick, “Spacetime codes of Clifford circuits”, arXiv:2304.05943, (2023).

[11] Bence Hetényi and James R. Wootton, “Tailoring quantum error correction to spin qubits”, arXiv:2306.17786, (2023).

[12] Craig Gidney and Dave Bacon, “Less Bacon More Threshold”, arXiv:2305.12046, (2023).

[13] Craig Gidney, “Inplace Access to the Surface Code Y Basis”, arXiv:2302.07395, (2023).

[14] Gyorgy P. Geher, Ophelia Crawford, and Earl T. Campbell, “Tangling schedules eases hardware connectivity requirements for quantum error correction”, arXiv:2307.10147, (2023).

The above citations are from SAO/NASA ADS (last updated successfully 2023-11-07 14:39:41). The list may be incomplete as not all publishers provide suitable and complete citation data.

Could not fetch Crossref cited-by data during last attempt 2023-11-07 14:39:40: Could not fetch cited-by data for 10.22331/q-2023-11-07-1172 from Crossref. This is normal if the DOI was registered recently.

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Source: https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2023-11-07-1172/

Time Stamp: November 7, 2023

Time Stamp: Jan 10, 2024

Relaxing Hardware Requirements for Surface Code Circuits using Time-dynamics

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