Kratek uvod v protokole RGB

On January 3, 2009, Satoshi Nakamoto launched the first Bitcoin node. From that moment, new nodes joined and Bitcoin began to behave as if it were a new form of life, a form of life that has not stopped evolving. Little by little, it has become the safest network in the world as a result of its unique design — very well thought out by Satoshi — because, through economic incentives, it attracts users, commonly called miners, to invest in energy and computing power which contributes to network security.

As Bitcoin continues its growth and adoption, it faces scalability issues. The Bitcoin network allows a new block with transactions to be mined in approximately 10 minutes. Assuming we have 144 blocks in a day with maximum values ​​of 2,700 transactions per block, Bitcoin would have allowed only 4.5 transactions per second. Satoshi was aware of this limitation, we can see it in an E-naslov marca 2011 poslal Mikeu Hearnu, kjer razloži, kako deluje to, kar danes poznamo kot plačilni kanal. Tu pridejo na vrsto protokoli zunaj verige.

Po mnenju Christiana Deckerja, off-chain protocols are usually systems in which users use data from a blockchain and manage it without touching the blockchain itself until the last minute. Based on this concept, the Lightning Network was born, a network that uses off-chain protocols to allow Bitcoin payments to be made almost instantaneously. Since not all these operations are written on the blockchain, it allows thousands of transactions per second and scales Bitcoin.

Research and development in the area of ​​off-chain protocols on Bitcoin has opened a Pandora’s box. Today we know that we can achieve much more than value transfer in a decentralized way, the nonprofit Združenje za standarde LNP/BP focuses on development of Layer 2 and 3 protocols on Bitcoin and the Lightning Network. Among these projects, RGB izstopa.

Kaj je RGB?

RGB je temeljil na raziskave Petra Todda on single-use seals and client-side validation and envisioned in 2016 by Giacomo Zucco as a better asset protocol for Bitcoin and the Lightning Network. Further evolution of these ideas led to the development of RGB into a fully-fledged smart contract system by Maxim Orlovsky, who is leading its implementation since 2019 with community participation.

We can define RGB as a set of open-source protocols that allows us to execute complex smart contracts in a scalable and confidential way. It is not a particular network (like Bitcoin or Lightning); each smart contract is just a set of contract participants which can interact using different communication channels (defaulting to the Lightning Network). RGB uses the Bitcoin blockchain as a layer of state commitment and maintains the code of the smart contract and the data off-chain, which makes it scalable. By leveraging Bitcoin transactions (and Script) as an ownership control system for smart contracts, the evolution of the smart contract is defined by an off-chain scheme. It is important to note that everything is validated on the client side.

In simple terms, RGB is a system that allows the user to audit a smart contract, execute it and verify it individually at any time without an additional cost since it does not use a blockchain as “traditional” systems do. While complex smart contract systems were pioneered by Ethereum, it requires the user to spend significant amounts of gas for each operation and it never achieved the scalability it promised. By consequence, Ethereum never was an option to bank the users excluded from the current financial system.

Trenutno industrija blockchain spodbuja, da morajo biti tako koda pametnih pogodb kot podatki shranjeni v verigi blokov in jih izvaja vsako vozlišče omrežja, ne glede na preveliko povečanje velikosti ali zlorabo računalniških virov. Shema, ki jo je predlagal RGB, je veliko bolj inteligentna in učinkovita, saj se s to paradigmo veriženja blokov uporablja tako, da ima pametne pogodbe in podatke ločene od verige blokov in se tako izogne ​​nasičenosti omrežja, ki ga vidimo na drugih platformah. Po drugi strani pa RGB ne sili vsakega vozlišča, da izvrši vsako pogodbo, temveč vpletene strani, kar dodaja zaupnost na raven, ki je še nikoli ni bilo.

Pametne pogodbe v RGB

V RGB razvijalec pametne pogodbe definira shemo, ki določa pravila o tem, kako se pogodba sčasoma razvija. Shema je standard za sestavo pametnih pogodb v RGB: tako izdajatelj pri definiranju pogodbe kot denarnica ali menjava se morata držati določene sheme, na podlagi katere morata potrditi pogodbo. Le če je potrditev pravilna, lahko vsaka stranka sprejme zahteve in dela s sredstvom.

Pametna pogodba v RGB je usmerjen aciklični graf (DAG) sprememb stanja, kjer je vedno znan le del grafa, do preostalega pa ni dostopa. Shema RGB je temeljni nabor pravil za razvoj tega grafa, s katerim se začne pametna pogodba. Vsak pogodbeni udeleženec lahko doda tem pravilom (če to dovoljuje shema) in nastali graf je zgrajen iz iterativne uporabe teh pravil.

Zamenljiva sredstva

Zamenljiva sredstva v RGB sledijo LNP/BP RGB-20 specifikacija. So, when an RGB-20 is defined, the asset data known as “genesis data” is distributed through the Lightning Network, which contains what is required to use the asset. The most basic form of assets do not allow secondary issuance, token burning, renomination or replacement.

Včasih bo moral izdajatelj v prihodnosti izdati več žetonov, kot so stabilni kovanci, kot je USDT, ki ohranja vrednost vsakega žetona vezano na vrednost inflacijske valute, kot je USD. Da bi to dosegli, obstajajo bolj zapletene sheme RGB-20, ki poleg podatkov o genezi od izdajatelja zahtevajo izdelavo pošiljk, ki bodo krožile tudi v Lightning Network. S temi informacijami lahko izvemo celotno obtočno ponudbo sredstva. Enako velja za sežiganje sredstev ali spremembo imena.

Podatki, povezani s sredstvom, so lahko javni ali zasebni: če izdajatelj zahteva zaupnost, se lahko odloči, da ne bo delil podatkov o žetonu in izvaja operacije v absolutni zasebnosti, imamo pa tudi nasprotni primer, v katerem izdajatelj in imetniki potrebujejo da bo celoten postopek pregleden. To se doseže z izmenjavo podatkov o žetonu.

RGB-20 Postopki

The burning procedure disables tokens and burned tokens can’t be used anymore. The replacement procedure occurs when tokens are burned and a new amount of the same token is created. This helps reduce the size of the asset’s historical data, which is important to maintain asset speed. To support the use case where it is possible to burn assets without having to replace them, a subschema of RGB-20 is used that only allows burning assets.

Nepropustni žetoni

Nezamenljivi žetoni (NFT) v RGB sledijo LNP/BP RGB-21 specifikacija, ko delamo z NFT, imamo tudi glavno shemo in podshemo. Te sheme imajo postopek graviranja, ki nam omogoča, da priložimo podatke po meri lastnika žetona. Najpogostejši primer, ki ga danes vidimo v NFT, je digitalna umetnost, povezana z žetonom. Izdajatelj žetona lahko prepove graviranje teh podatkov z uporabo podsheme RGB-21. Za razliko od drugih blokovnih sistemov NFT, RGB omogoča distribucijo velikih medijskih žetonov na popolnoma decentraliziran način in na cenzuro odporen način, z uporabo razširitve omrežja Lightning P2P, imenovano Bifrost, ki se uporablja tudi za gradnjo številnih drugih oblik RGB- posebne funkcije pametne pogodbe.

Poleg zamenljivih sredstev in NFT se lahko RGB in Bifrost uporabljata za izdelavo drugih oblik pametnih pogodb, vključno z decentraliziranimi izmenjavami (DEX), likvidnostnimi skladi, algoritemskimi stabilnimi kovanci in več, kar bomo obravnavali v prihodnjih člankih.

NFT iz RGB v primerjavi z NFT iz drugih platform

• No need for expensive blockchain storage.
• No need for the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS), a Lightning Network extension (called Bifrost) is used instead (and it’s fully end-to-end encrypted).
• No need for a special data management solution (again, Bifrost takes that role).
• No need to trust websites to maintain data for NFT tokens or about issuer’s assets or contract ABIs.
• RGB has built-in DRM encryption and ownership management.
• RGB has infrastructure for backups using the Lightning Network (Bifrost).
• RGB has ways to monetize content (not only selling the NFT itself, but access to the content, several times).

Sklepi

Since the launch of Bitcoin, almost 13 years ago, there has been a lot of research and experimentation in the area. Both the successes and the mistakes have allowed us to understand a little more how decentralized systems behave in practice, what makes them really decentralized and what actions tend to lead them to centralization. All this has led us to conclude that real decentralization is a rare and difficult phenomenon to achieve; real decentralization has only been achieved by Bitcoin and it is for this reason that we focus our efforts to build on top of it.

RGB has its own rabbit hole within the Bitcoin rabbit hole. While I am falling down through them both, I will post what I have learned. In the next article, we will have an introduction to the LNP and RGB nodes and how to use them.

To je gostujoča objava Francisca Calderona. Izražena mnenja so v celoti njihova lastna in ne odražajo nujno mnenj BTC, Inc. oz Bitcoin Magazine.

Source: https://bitcoinmagazine.com/guides/a-brief-introduction-to-rgb-protocols