Taro, a new protocol proposed by Lightning Labs, leverages Taproot and the Lightning Network to bring new assets and scalability to Bitcoin.
Lightning Labs has introduced a new protocol proposal for Bitcoin and the Lightning Network, Taro, which seeks to bring new use cases to the network. The company has published a series of draft Bitcoin Improvement Proposals (BIPs) in prosi za povratne informacije skupnosti o predlagani zasnovi.
Taro seeks to enable the issuance of assets and collectibles, which are the protocol’s form of non-fungible assets, on Bitcoin as well as their transfer on Lightning in a private and secure manner without bloating the blockchain. To do so, it plans to leverage the protocol’s latest upgrade, Ta korenina.
"Načela oblikovanja Taro on Lightning izhajajo iz interneta, kjer imate kompleksnost na robovih, vendar ohranite preprostost vmes," je povedala Elizabeth Stark, izvršna direktorica Lightning Labs. Bitcoin Magazine.
Most existing ways to issue and use assets on Bitcoin today either leverage another blockchain entirely, which adds a new trust model with different security assurances, or rely on adding extra data directly on-chain, which is inefficient for keeping track of asset information long term and is dangerous to user privacy.
Namesto tega Taro uporablja Taproot.
Prihodnost Taproot: razširljivost in zasebnost
Taproot allows complex spending conditions to be set for a Bitcoin UTXO while ensuring that only the condition that ultimately gets used to spend the coin is revealed on-chain to all Bitcoin users. As a result, such a spend is more private, because a passive observer can’t tell if there were other spending conditions for that transaction; and more scalable, because now that complex scheme puts considerably less data on chain. This is meaningful because previous programmatic behaviors in Bitcoin meant transactions had to be revealed in their entirety whenever they were spent, hurting user privacy and making very complex schemes unfeasible due to a linear growth in storage needs.
By using Taproot, Taro can also rely on Bitcoin’s proof-of-work (PoW) consensus mechanism for ensuring the correct ordering of transactions and preventing double spends, while defining special directives as to how to interact with and validate the new asset data.
As a result, Taro also differs from other asset solutions on “highly programmable” blockchains, such as Ethereum’s ERC-20 and ERC-721 tokens, because it is based on Bitcoin’s UTXO model instead of an account model, meaning that it is both more secure due to avoidance of key reuse and more private as there isn’t information about balances revealed. Taro’s approach is also more scalable and is compatible with light clients.
More specifically, Taro brings assets to Bitcoin through the “leaves” of the Taproot script tree, as each leaf in the tree is completely independent and can be selectively revealed — which enables structured commitment. By adding information about those assets (known as metadata) in the Taproot script tree, the proposed protocol can function as a layer built on top of Bitcoin, allowing Taro asset transactions to look like regular Bitcoin transactions, as on-chain only the Taproot output is revealed, while still enabling proofs of the movement of assets across the transaction graph.
Bitcoin Is Scalable
"To je precej elegantno, ker vam omogoča, da ločite te obveznosti sredstev od dejanskega scenarija," je povedal tehnični direktor Lightning Labs, Olaoluwa Osuntokun. Bitcoin Magazine. “Taproot, in this case, allows us to logically separate what is the main Bitcoin scripting layer from the asset layer itself. Even though they’re actually within the same output, because the Bitcoin layer doesn’t care about what isn’t revealed, we can use that to have additional structured data.”
As a result, this construction enables a single Taproot UTXO to effectively commit to (that is, include the hash of) an unbounded number of assets that are only revealed to the specific parties that need that information — without burdening the entire Bitcoin network.
“It makes things a little bit simpler and also makes it a lot easier for developers to understand because the overlay layer basically looks and feels like Bitcoin with some slight tweaks, additional commitments, validation, things like that,” Osuntokun said.
By leveraging Taproot for asset issuance and transfer, Taro effectively enables new functionality at the edges of Bitcoin by leveraging bitcoin liquidity as the asset gets routed through the Lightning Network, all without adding unnecessary data on chain.
"Če ljudje izvajajo več transakcij na robovih z uporabo teh sredstev, to pomeni, da dejansko potrebujemo več zmogljivosti v samem Lightning Networku," je dejal Osuntokun. "Povpraševanje po sredstvih na robovih, kar zadeva strukturno zmogljivost, se nato prevede v povečano produktivno dejavnost v omrežju in več provizij za usmerjanje, torej tudi večji učinek omrežja."
As a result, Taro can take one step in the direction of increasing the demand for blockspace on chain, helping ensure that Bitcoin can keep sustainable once miners begin being paid only through transaction fees as the block subsidy nears zero in the next century.
Prilagojeno drevo Merkle
Taro uporablja podatkovno strukturo, znano kot Merkle-Sum Sparse Merkleovo drevo (MS-SMT), da omogoči sredstvom, da se zavežejo v drevesa skriptov Taproot, ki delujejo kot prekrivni protokol. MS-SMT združuje lastnosti običajnega drevesa Merkle, drevesa Merkle-Sum in redkega drevesa Merkle.
Drevo Merkle je zgrajeno z zgoščevanjem seznama zgoščenih elementov v parih, dokler ne pridemo do enega samega zgoščenega elementa, imenovanega korenski hash. Na primer, na seznamu štirih elementov bi najprej zgostili vsak element posebej. Nato bi združili zgoščenke elementov ena in dva skupaj in zgostili to povezovanje ter storili enako z zgoščenkama tri in štiri. Nazadnje bi zgostili preostali dve zgoščenci, da bi določili korensko razpršitev.
Drevo Merkle je uporabno, ker lahko shrani veliko podatkov, omogoča enostavno dokazovanje, da nekateri podatki obstajajo v drevesu, in nam omogoča tudi, da preverimo, ali podatki niso bili spremenjeni. Z drugimi besedami, običajno drevo Merkle omogoča razširljivost, dokaz o članstvu in odpornost na posege.
Poleg tega moramo shraniti le koreninski hash drevesa Merkle v verigi, da preverimo takšne lastnosti. To je zato, ker če se podatki v enem listu spremenijo, na primer, bi se spremenil tudi njegov hash, kar bi dodatno spremenilo vse zgoščenke na ravneh nad njim, kar bi nazadnje spremenilo korensko razpršitev - za katero je mogoče svojo spremembo potrditi s primerjavo s shranjenim različica.
Drevo Merkle-Sum naredi to še korak dlje, saj nam omogoča, da se zavežemo k vsoti vseh vrednosti listov, kar pomeni, da lahko njegovo korensko razpršitev vključuje tudi informacije o vsoti vrednosti vsakega lista v drevesu. V okviru sredstev ta lastnost omogoča lažjo revizijo dobave sredstva, omogoča pa tudi deljivost sredstva in preprečuje neželeno izdajo novih sredstev v transakcijah, ki naj bi jih le prenašale. V našem fiktivnem drevesu Merkle zgoraj, če bi imel vsak list vrednost ena, bi koreninski hash imel vrednost štiri.
Drevo Sparse Merkle dodaja še eno lastnost. Vsi njegovi listi so indeksirani, kar omogoča dostop do informacij o drevesu v paru ključ/vrednost, in ima prazne liste, ki dejansko imajo vrednost »null«, kar nam omogoča, da preverimo, ali so nekateri podatki ne v drevesu. Ta lastnost, znana kot dokaz o nečlanstvu, je možna z dokazovanje pripadnosti nul v danem listu, do katerega je mogoče dostopati prek njegovega indeksa. Na primer, če obstaja trditev, da list z indeksom šest shranjuje nekaj informacij o sredstvu, lahko dokažemo, da teh informacij ni, tako da potrdimo, da ima ta list dejansko vrednost »nič«.
Prenos sredstva A Taro
Taro predstavlja sredstva z ugnezdenimi MS-SMT, po eno za vsak ID sredstva ali vrsto sredstva. Protokol omogoča, da se ta drevesa nanesejo drug na drugega in se razcepijo iz začetnega drevesa skriptov Taproot, da predstavljajo dejansko neomejeno število sredstev v enem samem Taproot UTXO. Sredstva Taro se zato izdajajo na verigi.
Osnova funkcionalnosti sredstev v Taru je skript sredstva, nabor direktiv, ki jih je vzpostavil razvijalec za programsko opredelitev, kako se dano sredstvo lahko prenese na protokol. Razpršitev tega skripta je nato vključena v MS-SMT, tako da jo je mogoče pozneje zlahka uveljaviti – s čimer se sredstvo in njegovi atributi zavežejo k razpršitvi skripta sredstva.
Začetna različica Taro predlaga uporabo podmnožice Bitcoin skript, allowing assets to express arbitrary conditions for the valid transfer of an asset. As asset scripts inherit a level of programmability on par with Bitcoin Script, Taro assets can be transferred over Lightning in multi-hop transactions off-chain through hash time locked contracts (HTLCs) embedded in the asset script. However, future versions could introduce new opcodes and extra functionality that would only exist at the Taro level.
"Izvajanje Taproot-within-Taproot naredi začetno različico enostavnejšo in nam daje več časa, da ugotovimo, kateri primeri uporabe se pojavijo in želimo več izraznosti," je dejal Osuntokun.
Za prenose v verigi Taro uporablja nov format naslova, ki temelji na bech32 ki vključuje tudi hash skripta sredstva. Za prejem sredstva Taro v verigi bi moral prejemnik ustvariti naslov z dovolj podatki, ki podrobno opisujejo, kako lahko pošiljatelj sestavi novo skupino skriptov sredstev, ki vsebuje informacije, potrebne za porabo sredstva, ko se prenese na novega lastnika. Z drugimi besedami, dodatne informacije v hash skripta sredstva povedo prejemniku, kakšna je zmožnost odklepanja sredstva, ki se prenaša, tako da ga je mogoče sčasoma znova prenesti.
Since the receiver has all of that information, they can compute the asset leaf, which then lets them compute the asset root, and finally the entire output itself, letting them watch the Bitcoin blockchain for the result they computed.
Poleg tega, če prejemnik prej pošlje te opredelitvene informacije, je edini način, kako lahko pošiljatelj naredi transakcijo veljavno, če pošlje točno tisto, kar prejemnik pričakuje. Če je poslano napačno sredstvo ali napačen znesek, se zgoščeni deli ne bodo ujemali in prejemnik lahko zlahka ugotovi, da je pošiljatelj naredil nekaj narobe.
Assets And Collectibles On Bitcoin
Izdaja in prenos sredstev v Taru se razlikujeta, odvisno od tega, ali je sredstvo običajno ali zbirateljsko.
A collectible, or non-fungible asset, is a one-of-a-kind representation of value, with a unique identifier that establishes a claim on an asset at the Bitcoin chain level or at the real-world level and makes it impossible to counterfeit ownership. A collectible on Taro could be a tokenized rare baseball card, for example. Collectibles are created in a single batch transaction, cannot be split or merged, and need to be transferred off-chain or put into a multiparty channel to be transferred among a known set of participants.
Po drugi strani se običajno sredstvo zavezuje k skupni vrednosti sredstev v posesti in ga je mogoče razdeliti in združiti. Razdelitve se lahko zgodijo znotraj drevesa, s konfiguriranjem notranjega razcepa ali med različnimi izhodi Taproot, s konfiguriranjem zunanjega razcepa. Med prenosom imetnik sredstva dokaže, da ima veljavno razdelitev z dokazilom Merkle-Sum, in ustrezna ustvarjena sredstva se zavežejo za novo razdelitev Merkle-Sum, ki zagotavlja, da je skupni znesek sredstev po prenosu enak celotnemu znesku, ki je bil pred transakcijo. .
Sredstva na robu: strela kot decentralizirano hrbtenično plačilno omrežje
As mentioned earlier, Taro can port assets issued on-chain onto the Lightning Network, similar to how bitcoin can be sent through Lightning after being locked up in a two-of-two multisignature output that gets confirmed on the Bitcoin blockchain. A Lightning channel holding Taro assets leverages the same flow, however the two-of-two Schnorr Taproot output would also commit to the set of assets in the channel.
“Using the Taro protocol, Lightning channels anchored with a Taproot output are able to send both bitcoin and Taro assets off-chain, with multi-hop payments being facilitated by new HTLCs on the Taro level, which use the scripting system to implement the expected end-to-end payment security guarantees,” Osuntokun told Bitcoin Magazine.
Osuntokun added that Lightning Labs’ proposed deployment path for Taro on the Lightning Network seeks to first only introduce assets at the edges, meaning it would avoid both having to modify the core of the network and bootstrap a new network with adequate liquidity for each Taro asset. Rather, the company’s plans would have Taro plug into bitcoin liquidity on Lightning and require only the sender and receiver of a given asset to use Taro-aware channels.
"Edina omejitev je, da je za prejemanje/pošiljanje z uporabo določenega sredstva potrebna ustrezna vhodna/izhodna likvidnost," je dejal Osuntokun.
Poleg podobne nastavitve Lightning na rampi bi prenos sredstev Taro z več skoki prek Lightninga izkoristil podoben sistem izdajanja računov, ki je danes običajen na drugem nivoju. Vendar pa bi račun namesto v BTC-ju denominiran v samem sredstvu Taro.
“As an example, if Alice wants to send Bob a Taro stablecoin asset, she’ll create a new invoice that quotes, say, $10,” Osuntokun said. “Bob will then use a ‘hop hint,’ which are extra routing details provided in the invoice to complete the route and calculate the amount of network fees (paid in bitcoin) to send over his first hop, which will traverse the internal Bitcoin backbone and eventually drop off enough BTC at the final hop to complete the payment.”
Protokol Taro bo določil dodatne informacije, ki jih je treba poslati strežnikom Lightning na robovih, da bi lahko pravilno posodobili vse kanale, je dodal.
Making Bitcoin The De-Facto Base Layer
Taro seeks to leverage Bitcoin’s latest soft fork upgrade to bring assets with real-word use cases like U.S. dollar stablecoins onto the peer-to-peer (P2P) digital currency stack. It enables the issuance of a nearly unlimited number of assets with a single Taproot UTXO, as well as the transfer of such assets with instant, low-fee multi-hop transactions on Lightning.
By leveraging Bitcoin and Lightning as its rails, Taro could establish an interoperable ecosystem of assets that can unite different use cases while not affecting parties that may not care about such assets. At the same time, the protocol also contributes back to Bitcoin by increasing its network effects in the event that a popularization of the concept drives traffic on the network, thereby increasing the fee payout to miners and ramping up BTC liquidity on the Lightning Network.
Though its initial iteration accommodates a limited number of use cases, in an attempt to make the jump onto the new protocol easier for developers through a familiar Bitcoin scripting suite, the possibilities of extensions and further developments are nearly endless, as builders and entrepreneurs get creative and spin the protocol to suit their needs.
“The hope is to open up people’s eyes to what the future of Bitcoin holds and what Taproot can enable,” Stark told Bitcoin Magazine. “The goal is to have Bitcoin be the underlying global monetary network powered by open protocols.”
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