1Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience (MC2), Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
2Centre for Theoretical Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
3Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli,” Università degli Studi di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy
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Abstract
We study the classical simulatability of Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) states in combination with arbitrary displacements, a large set of symplectic operations and homodyne measurements. For these types of circuits, neither continuous-variable theorems based on the non-negativity of quasi-probability distributions nor discrete-variable theorems such as the Gottesman-Knill theorem can be employed to assess the simulatability. We first develop a method to evaluate the probability density function corresponding to measuring a single GKP state in the position basis following arbitrary squeezing and a large set of rotations. This method involves evaluating a transformed Jacobi theta function using techniques from analytic number theory. We then use this result to identify two large classes of multimode circuits which are classically efficiently simulatable and are not contained by the GKP encoded Clifford group. Our results extend the set of circuits previously known to be classically efficiently simulatable.
Featured image: The circuit diagram of arbitrary circuits selected from the simulatable class $mathcal B$ of simulatable circuits with multimode measurements, as presented in our work. The first action of the circuit on the modes is a rotation of each mode with angles $theta_i$ selected from a set of allowed angles. This is followed by arbitrary squeezing of each mode. The next operation is selected from the intersection of the general linear group $text{GL}(n,mathbb R)$ and the subset of symmetric positive definite symplectic matrices $Pi(n)$ in $text{Sp}(2n,mathbb R)$, yielding $text{GL}(n,mathbb R)cap Pi(n)$. The final operation is selected from the lens subgroup of symplectic matrices, $mathcal T$. Finally, the modes are measured in the position basis with homodyne detection. We note that arbitrary phase space displacements can be inserted into the circuit due to the fact that they preserve the structure of the symplectic matrix.
Popular summary
We focus on quantum computer architectures whereby the information is encoded into continuous variables (CVs). This approach relies on quantized variables with a continuous spectrum, such as the position and momentum quadratures of the electromagnetic field. An example of such an encoding procedure is known as the Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) encoding, using GKP states. Architectures using this encoding allow for increased resilience to noise, with respect to architectures using discrete-variable systems.
Our work demonstrates that a large class of quantum circuits with input GKP states prepared to encode computational states such as 0 and 1 is efficiently simulatable with classical computers. We, therefore, demonstrate that these circuits are not capable of achieving quantum advantage. Our findings contribute therefore to drawing a divide between computationally useful and useless architectures of quantum computers.
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[3] Ulysse Chabaud and Mattia Walschaers, “Resources for bosonic quantum computational advantage”, arXiv:2207.11781.
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